In 2016, Black voters in Ohio were among those most targeted for digital-media misinformation. And the goal often wasn鈥檛 so much to sway their votes as to ensure they wouldn鈥檛 vote at all. Many voting advocates are concerned the same type of campaign is in play this year. But they also say the dynamics are different, and many are going on offense.
One of the most high-profile campaigns is 鈥�,鈥� spearheaded by LeBron James and other athletes this summer.
鈥淲e need you to join us to vote like our lives depend on it. Because they do,鈥� James underscores in a video encouraging people to vote. Another video recruits young people to be poll workers. Yet another talks about legacy.
Counter-messaging
But such efforts are running up against powerful counter-messaging鈥攖hat Black votes don鈥檛 matter because neither Democrats nor Republicans really care. That counter-messaging works, because it鈥檚 layered onto a reality that Black interests often have been discounted by people in power, according to Curtis Maples, a member of the board of the .
鈥淵ou can use the logical fallacy of suggesting well, since racism is still here and you鈥檝e been voting Democrat all this long time, therefore the Democrats have done nothing for you. In reality, it鈥檚 far more complicated than that. But it鈥檚 enough for a tweet or a meme,鈥� said Maples, who is Black.
Still this side of 40, he鈥檚 spent a lot of time studying the tools used for longer than a century to keep African-Americans from voting.
Many are neither new nor subtle: poll taxes, literacy laws, voting prohibitions against former felons, laws to scale back the early, in-person voting that African-Americans have embraced. But Maples said social media has offered a suppression tool that is both personal and massive and extra-ordinarily hard to track.
鈥淲ith the advent of technology and social media, lies travel faster than the truth,鈥� he said.
Sowing confusion
Young Mie Kim, who specializes in the study of digital media and politics at the University of Wisconsin, notes that lies rarely sway a voter to support another candidate. But they鈥檙e great at sowing confusion and apathy with messages such as 鈥渢argeting African Americans, like 鈥楴either candidate serves African-American communities, so your vote is not going to count anyway.鈥欌��
She said Russian intelligence was an early adopter of the tactic. But it isn鈥檛 alone, she said.
鈥淲hat we found is that in those crucial swing states, black voters were disproportionately marked for deterrence,鈥� the Channel 4 reported. It found the Trump campaign used a massive database to target 3 1/2 million African American voters in Ohio and other swing states to get them to sit out the 2016 election. The social media messages micro-targeted everything from a voter鈥檚 personality type to their income to whether they owned a dog. Black voter turnout dropped for the first time in 20 years.
A loyal voting block
But this year, Democrats are not ceding one of their most loyal voting blocks. The Democratic National Committee has upped buys on Black radio stations and newspapers in Ohio headlined with the message: 鈥淥ur Lives are on the Ballot.鈥� The campaigns have digital components as well.
Maples said Democrats must recognize why the discouraging messages of 2016 resonated and have begun to do so by openly acknowledging racism is reality.
鈥淲e are keenly aware that 鈥榗olorblind鈥� or neutral policies when you have an unequal society is a tacit admission that you want things to stay exactly the same,鈥� he said.
But Maples also advocates a change in tactics. Many get-out-the-Black-vote efforts rely on pride in the accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement, but studies show shame may be more powerful, especially among those who rarely vote.
In one, said Maples, 鈥淭hey sent out postcards that threatened to say this is your voter record (because your voter record is public), and we鈥檒l let all your neighbors know if you didn鈥檛 vote. That increased voter turnout by 28 percent.鈥�
Advocates are also exploring how how to tap into the energy of the summer鈥檚 racial justice protests.
What campaigns can learn from protests
Raymond Greene of , which focuses on civic engagement in Black communities in Ohio, said campaigns should borrow from what galvanized and mobilized the protests instead of only offering tried鈥攂ut often tired鈥攐pportunities like phone banks.
鈥樷�橠uring a protest you鈥檝e got creative artists; you鈥檝e got the spoken word; you鈥檝e got music being created along with the protests. You get to see regular people become influencers,鈥� Greene said. 鈥淎nd what we鈥檙e saying is actually, that should be in our electoral work also.鈥�
But, perhaps counter-intuitively, protesting and voting don鈥檛 automatically go hand in hand. Some of those who took to the streets this summer see it as the path to needed revolutionary change; voting is the status quo. So voting advocates say the challenge is convincing Black voters there is power in both.
